Essay on Is Democracy Sustainable in Latin America

Is Democracy Sustainable in Latin America? In order to determine if democracy is sustainable in Latin America, it is important to understand or at least have an idea of what democracy is. There are several types of democracy and each is different. According to the English dictionary, democracy is â€Å" a government by the people; especially: rule of the majority by a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections and the absence of hereditary or arbitrary class distinctions or privileges (Webster’s Dictionary). It is a common view among American†¦show more content†¦Colonial ideas of fueros, caste systems, and church ideologies during the inquisition, have influenced Latin America socially. Economically Spanish mercantilism has made Latin America dependent on outside res ources and has given rise to corruption and a loss of trust in the government. In order to have sustainable democracy it is necessary to have the support of the people. The society must support the idea of government in which, †there is an absence of hereditary or arbitrary class distinctions or privileges.† Fueros, caste, and church ideologies still impact present day Latin American society. During Spanish rule, government officials and military officials had â€Å"fueros,† or special immunity from prosecution. Fueros still exist today in Latin America and give no recourse for complaints of the population. This situation instills hopelessness in the society overall. A democracy cannot exist, even through elections, if the elite rules it. In order for a democracy to be sustained, the government must be kept in check if not through constitutional powers then the people must check it. A democracy should have an educated populace; people should constantly qu estion their surroundings to keep a government in check (Aristotle). Latin America must be capable of producing a literate and educated population. Church control of information and perhaps the desire of the elite to keep the population under control have kept a large majority of theShow MoreRelatedThe Influential Example Of Costa Rica973 Words   |  4 PagesCosta Rica is the country’s brand; it tries to â€Å"sell† and promote Costa Rica as a high tech industry and innovative country, it showcases the nation ´s advanced export capacity as well as its leadership in protecting natural resources and promoting sustainable development. Essential Costa Rica aims to promote the country as a destination for investment and tourism by highlighting the nation’s main characteristics, which sets it apart from its neighboring countries. 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In the introduction chapter, Karen introduces the five pivotal foreign policy objectives that the European Union strives to achieve. These are: i.Advocacy for regional cooperation ii.Amelioration of human rights iii.Furtherance  of democracy and virtuous governance iv.Impediment of fierce conflicts and v.Campaign against global crime The chapter continues on to recount the historical process through which the foreign policy objectives were determined. Next the author identifies someRead MoreThe And Its Impact On Society1707 Words   |  7 Pageschange is originating from the masses unlike in the past. Today democracy is not just a form of government it is a way of life. For example, a singer that is more popular is also more successful. Large groups of people are what create change. Even capitalism is becoming more democratic. 2. Zakaria defines constitutional liberalism as the goals of government such as protecting the rights of its citizens. In contrast, democracy refers to a government who is elected through free and public electionsRead MoreQuestion Questions On Political Culture1690 Words   |  7 PagesIn the US political culture lays some core ideals and values which are of course not shared by all the Americans. However, the two shared political values in the US by vast majority the regardless of race, creed, national origin are liberty and democracy. In most political debates, there is a tendency to come up with the best framework on how best to achieve these ideals and values assert (Schudson, 271). As the freedom for people to do what they want, liberty does not only ensure and allow personalRead MoreThe United States Classification As An Empire1941 Words   |  8 Pages This new era for the United States was characterised by keeping American interests in check and theoretically spread democracy. This period of American politics saw the expansion of American territories and the United states acting eerily similar to a European Imperialist power while still patting themselves on the back for spreading American values and giving everyone democracy, which those countries so desperately needed. This era however, is coming to an end, as more and more countries are becomingRead MoreThe Global Political Economy : A Washington Consensus A New Paradigm For Development1354 Words   |  6 Pagessupporters, the post-Washington consensus differs fundamentally from the original. While the Washington consensus made economic growth the main goal of development, the new consensus moves away from the neo-liberal, market-friendly approach and places sustainable, egalitarian and democratic development at the heart of the agenda. It includes a more poverty-focused approach that protects and supports the poor and prioritizes social spending on education and health. Others argue that the original neo-liberalRead MorePoverty Is The Core Of Any Sustainable Local Development3280 Words   |  14 Pageseducation have been adversely affected, (Auya Oino, 2013). According to WCED, (1987), poverty is not only an evil in itself, but that sustainable development needs to meet some basic needs so as to fulfill the aspirations for a better life. According to the same report, working with poor community members to eradicate poverty should continue to be the core of any sustainable local development. The term local development is today a household term in the whole world and has become a component of mainstream

Digi Employee Motivation - 3103 Words

INTRODUCTION DiGi is a leading Malaysian mobile and Internet service provider. The company and brand are known for innovation and continue to challenge market norms in efforts to deliver what is relevant and easy to use for customers to enjoy the best deals in the market. DiGi is a primary mobile communications company providing a comprehensive range of affordable, convenient and easy to use wireless services to simplify and enrich the lives of its customers. They create value for their customers by selecting the most appropriate cutting edge technology so that users benefit from products and services that give them choice, convenience and control. DiGi.Com Berhad is recognised in the Main Market of Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad and is†¦show more content†¦However, the current organization chart has only 6 stages of hierarchy from the CEO to the Engineer. This will enable the company for fast decision making and the communication will more efficient with better reliability. Hence, today, the company are among the most competitive players in the industry. DiGi selected for a flat organisation in order to remain true to its core values of simplicity, innovation and best value. Digi’s reinvention has enabled the organisation to be more transparent and streamlined. All DiGi employees, from top management down to the receptionists, have the same kind of benefits, regardless of level or job title which shows that they are placed in the same flat working environment. It nurtures more open communications and innovative-thinking. There are no barriers for communication in this new organization chart where by all the employees will be operating in the same place with an open environment. They can always sit wherever they prefer in the office because there is no specific place assigned for each employee. They create a challenging and rewarding work environment for our people to excel to bring out the best in them and to stimulate a high performance culture. The DiGi Technology Operating Centre met the specifications of Green Building to motivate the employees through the hygiene factor. The new sustainable and energy efficient centre will incorporate eco design elements which will translate to significant lifecycle savingsShow MoreRelatedDigi Strategic Management17488 Words   |  70 Pages6.2 6.3 6.4 7.0 7.1 7.2 Introduction to DiGi Telecommunication Sdn Bhd Market Composition ............................................................................................................... 6 Commenting on DiGi‟s Vision ............................................................................................... 7 Commenting on DiGi‟s Mission ............................................................................................. 8 DiGi‟s Long Term Objectives..................Read MoreAxiata Strategic Management4252 Words   |  18 PagesRobi  in Bangladesh,   HELLO  in Cambodia,   Idea  in India M1  in Singapore. This organization has more than 200 million mobile subscribers in Asia. The company revenue based on annual report 2011 states USD 5.4 billion. In addition, more than 20,000 employee are working at this corporation through Asia. Vision Mission One of the main Axiatas visions is to be the top regional mobile telecommunication operation by 2015 by piecing together the best within the region in connectivity, technology and

Attitudes Towards Technology in the Han and Roman Empires free essay sample

Towards Technology in the Han and Roman Empires DBQ 2 Technology is always changing. New ideas are being introduced, and innovations to current technologies are always taking place. Some may see changes in technology as a vital and helpful thing, while others may oppose. Upperclassmen’s attitudes toward technology, especially advancements within technology, in the Han Empire, were very approving and encouraging. In the Roman Empire, the majority of upperclassmen’s attitudes toward technology were very supportive, as long as the technology or advancement was invented by someone of a highly philosophical mind. Roman upperclassmen in general had positive attitudes towards technology, as well as innovations in technology. Some higher classmen, however, looked highly upon themselves, and felt like anything not originating from their minds or hands was below them. Some philosophers had the attitude that anything they did not invent was only mediocre and sufficient, instead of excellent and great. (Doc. 7) Along with that, some upper class political leaders believed that it was vulgar and degrading of any man to be employed in any field of labor. Doc. 5) I placed these documents in a group together because of the fact that both of the authors of the documents had extremely opinionated outlooks on technology formed by lower classmen. Both authors stated in their documents that anything created by a lower classman was only mediocre in comparison to improvements in technology created by a higher classman like a philosopher. Therefore, their attitudes toward technology was positive as long as it wa s created by a man higher up in society. In Document 7, an upper-class Roman philosopher and adviser to Emperor Nero named Seneca expresses that any tools created by men who are not philosophers are mediocre and insignificant. His point of view is that he feels that the minds that did create the current technological advances in tools were nimble and sharp, but not great nor elevated. His attitude towards these breakthroughs in technology are this way because of his role in society. He is a philosopher, so it his is of his role to think with an abstract mind, imagining things from an â€Å"outside of the box† type of erspective. Because philosophers are trained to think this way, they would be able to create tools and new innovations in technology that could completely change how technology was viewed, leading their empires to greater and greater heights. But because of the lack of training and experience in abstract thought, he felt that normal men would tend to come up with good tools that were well built and could assist them in their day-to-day lives, but nothing groundbreaking that could have everyone captivated and amazed like â€Å"great and elevated minds† like his could invent. While some Roman upper class members liked only the technology invented and improved by elevated minds, that wasn’t the case for all of Rome. A Roman political leader named Gaius Gracchus set up a new system of road building, paying equal attention to the functionality and the appearance of the roads. He helped travelers keep track of distance by measuring out every mile and placing a column there. As well as the columns, Gracchus placed large stones on either sides of the road at lesser intervals, so it would be easier for those who road horses to mount them. (Doc. 6) Another brilliant advancement in technology was the aqueducts. Six of the aqueducts flowed into covered containers. Then, the volume was measured by means of calibrated scales. The use of the water was not only used for what was needed, but the water was also utilized for pleasure purposes. (Doc. 8) I grouped these two documents together since they both displayed advancements in technology without being discriminatory against those who were in lower classes. Because they both show the advancements in technology, it is evident that the attitude toward technology was extremely positive. (Doc. 7) members of the Han Empire accepted and embraced new technologies. In fact, many government officials often implemented new ideas in their societies. For example, Tu Shih, who was the governor of Nanyang, invented a water-powered blowing-engine for the casting of iron agricultural implements that allowed people to enjoy great benefit for little labor. Not only has his invention been widely used, but it has also been adopted and innovated by those who use it. (Doc. 4) Fuxi, though only a mythological emperor, was said to have invented the pestle and the mortar. Throughout the years, his invention was cleverly improved in such a way that the ending benefit was increased a hundredfold. (Doc. ) There were times, as well, when government officials wrote to local officials describing exactly what needed to be done to assist in current problems. Though the government officials came up with such an in-depth plan and strategy, the local officials ultimately made the final call, tailoring the governmental plan to fit the individuality of each town. (Doc. 1) I grouped these documents together because they all involve a leader inventing something, with lower classmen innovating the invention. This proves that the Han Empire had a positive attitude about technology, and were still completely open to the aspects of change and advancements. In Document 3, an upper-class Han philosopher named Huan Tan expresses, with great enthusiasm, his point of view of the evolution of the pestle and the mortar throughout the years. In the document, it goes in depth describing all of the innovations and advancements the pestle and the mortar have gone through. This exemplifies the fact that Huan Tan’s attitude towards innovations in technology was devoutly positive. In Document 3, Huan Tan conveys the story of how Fuxi, who, though mythological, was an emperor, created something, which was improved by regular commoners. This shows that unlike the Roman philosopher in Document 7, Huan Tan shows no discrimination against the lower classes. He does not feel that in order for truly excellent work, you must have a philosopher title. He understands that ordinary people can be the most brilliant at times, and finds the entire concept of advancement in technology astounding. An additional document I feel would be beneficial in helping to convey my thesis would be a journal entry from the point of view of a Han Peasant, depicting their attitude towards the new advancements in technology. This is needed because every document we were given was written from the perspective of an upperclassmen. In order to more accurately answer the question, I feel like we should have an understanding of every socioeconomic class. I also think that in order to more efficiently analyze Document 2, we need a comparison with the journal entry from a Han Peasant. Because Document 2 talks about how individual family’s tools were better than the government-made ones were, I think that a journal entry explaining their thoughts on family-made tools versus the government-made tools would help give a better understanding of the document.

UNC Chapel Hill 2018-2019 Essay Prompts

Want to attend the University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill (also known as UNC or, simply, Carolina)? You’ll need to answer these essay prompts to do so.UNC Chapel Hill 2018-2019 application essay prompts: Analysis ExamplesKnown as one of the top schools in the US with top tier programs in Communication and Media Studies, Biology, Psychology, Economics, and Political Science, UNC Chapel Hill is a dream school for many students. To gain admission, you’ll need to answer two of the following four essay prompts specific to the school. Here’s how to tackle them (plus, real examples below!). Each response is limited to 200-250 words.UNC Chapel Hill Essay Prompt #1:Tell us about a peer who has made a difference in your life. How to interpret this prompt: A slightly different take on the traditional â€Å"Who inspires you?†an essay prompt many applicants use to write about mentorsthis prompt is unique in that it asks the applicant to look toward classmates and colleagues as sources of inspiration. It’s an opportunity to consider the people you interact with on a daily basis from a viewpoint you may not have previously considered. Why is UNC asking this?: This prompt can help gauge the level of engagement you have with your peers and how much you respect and draw inspiration from them. Essay example:My natural habitat is where tater tots are consumed, homework questions are discussed, essays are proofread, the economic and political repercussions of the Death Star debated, and fashion suggestions are as common as snow in New England. These seemingly unrelated activities come together in one place in my life: the twenty-five minutes before class when a group known as The BottomFeeders ritually assembles everyday in Linda Pirek’s classroom. Essay excerpt from TheNotoriousPh, UNC Chapel Hill 18.Unlock this UNC Chapel Hill profile to read the full essay!UNC Chapel Hill Essay Prompt #2:What do you hope will change about the place where you live?How to interpret this prompt: This essay lets the applicant talk about his/her background: where were you raised and, more importantly, how were you raised? What are the circumstances that led you to where you are today and what are your corresponding values? Worded another way, it’s a critique on the place you grew up and how you believe changing it would improve it. There’s room here for social commentary if you feel comfortable. Why is UNC asking this?: How have you made the most of your surroundings (a quality that is important in a college candidate)? Is your assessment of the problem and proposed solution one that demonstrates humility and maturity? Essay example:Growing up in the Bible Belt, I felt uncomfortable about my family’s lack of religion. My mom and dad both came from church-going families, yet we only went for the occasional holiday, and even then only for the social experience. At first, my younger brothers and I would whine about having to dress up, sometimes even hiding when my dad called for us to load up in the minivan. But as I entered third grade, my peers pressured me into wanting to attend church.Essay excerpt from Reagan, UNC Chapel Hill 17.Unlock this UNC Chapel Hill profile to read her personal statement and supplemental essays! UNC Chapel Hill Essay Prompt #3:What is one thing that we don’t know about you that you want us to know?How to interpret this prompt: What is something that isn’t listed on your resume or activities list that matters to you? Talk about a special talent, hobby, or cause that you may not have showcased in the rest of your application that could shed light on the type of person you are. Consider the qualities about yourself that you’d like to bring to the forefrontmaybe it’s an interpersonal quality, such as the ability to listen non-judgmentally, or maybe it’s a skill you’re currently working on, such as speed reading. Don’t forget to talk about why it matters to you. Why is UNC asking this?: It’s an attempt to get a full picture of you as a three dimensional person beyond your shiny accolades. Can you delight the reader with something unexpected; give them a glimpse of who you are if you weren’t trying to impress. Essay example:In this world there is one thing that inspires me, keeps me going through thick and thin; Cold Stone Cotton Candy ice cream. Even the thought of the decadent treat motivates me to make that final push. Although it is a delicious pleasure, its not just the idea of consuming the ice cream that inspires me. The ice cream itself inspires me to be sweet, let my true colors show, and allow myself a reward every once in awhile. Essay excerpt from Hwoodworth, UNC Chapel Hill 21.Unlock this successful UNC Chapel Hill application file to read the full essay! UNC Chapel Hill Essay Prompt #4:What about your background, or what perspective, belief, or experience, will help you contribute to the education of your classmates at UNC? How to interpret this prompt: Consider this a diversity statement that specifically speaks to UNC. Beyond just your background, what is something you care about that you think increases the diversity of the UNC student body? The beauty of this question is that your diversity can be what you define it to be. Are you inordinately interested in ocean conservation growing up in a landlocked state? Are you a cis-ally of the LGBTQ community? How will you bring an open-minded, tolerant voice to the study body at UNC?Why is UNC asking this?: To better understand from your point of view what you believe makes you a unique asset to the school. Beyond the â€Å"diversity† factors listed on your application, what makes you diverse that may not be apparent from the rest of your application? Essay example:Im from Holland, Michigan, and here the saying goes, â€Å"If you ain’t Dutch, you ain’t much.† No one actually feels that way, but the community is extremely influenced by the Netherlands. Our main attraction is the Tulip Time Festival every May. We’ve also got the huge DeZwaan Windmill, Veldheer Tulip Farm, a blue delft factory, and an unusually high population of tall women. Also, literally everyone owns a pair of wooden shoes. This enlightening Dutch influence has changed my perspective more than anything else since moving here 7 years ago. Essay excerpt from davislw, UNC Chapel Hill 16.Unlock this successful UNC Chapel Hill profile to read the full supplemental essay! As you respond to these prompts, remember that you should be writing with an eye on maximizing fit with UNC. In other words, reveal aspects about yourself that will highlight why you’re a great fit at the school. Hope this was helpful as you write your supplemental essays! If you have any additional questions, please comment below and we’ll give you more advice! Get access to profiles in our database! Ourpremium plansoffer different levels of profile access and data insights that can help you with your application process. Unlock any of ourpackagesor search ourundergraduate profile databaseto find specific profiles that can help you make an informed choice about where to apply!

Global Focus in Cultural Diversity

It is essential for all global organizations to value the diversity in cultures around the globe. Business organizations are supposed to embrace differences in culture to promote the creation of inclusiveness (Adler Gendersen, 2008). This adds value to the contributions of people from all the nations in which an organization operates. Business focus on global diversity is more than ethnicity, greed, gender and race.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Global Focus in Cultural Diversity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, Hexaware Technologies must learn to tap from a diversity of cultural set ups. This will enable the organization to benefit from diversity of thinking which is obtained from different people’s knowledge, background and experiences (House et al., 2004). This paper offers suggestions on how Hexaware Technologies can develop its market campaigns by recruiting team members from different natio ns. In order to attain a balanced global focus, the organization should embrace cultures from Greece, Singapore, Germany and Iran. This will comprehensive impart on diversified thinking. In such a case, the organization will enjoy better innovations and creativity. One of the results of this turnover of events will be market dominance and high levels of comparative and competitive advantage. The company should treat people as the greatest asset. This has to be done through constant strengthening of mentoring process, work seminars and training (Adler Gendersen, 2008). People from the different nations should be given access to personal and professional development opportunities. By so doing, the organization will place its employees in a position whereby they are able to offer their full potential. Different cultures will be a rich store of knowledge. Cultural inclusiveness is known for affording every person an opportunity to impact an organization (House et al., 2004). All the pe ople in the team should be given equal chances to build the organization. The work positions in the entire team should be optimally adaptive. They should be chosen according to the preferences of different persons and also with regard to their national statistics (Stonehouse Campell, 2004). This will give Hexaware Technologies an opportunity to be more efficient in meeting the needs of both employees and customers in different parts of the world. Team members from Germany are best suited for technical positions at Hexaware Technologies since they are well known for better performance (House et al., 2004). Their personalities have a strong performance orientation compared to the other persons.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Greeks have equal strength in self confidence given their high degree of assertiveness. They should be given managerial and relational duties. Team members from Iran and Singapore are best suited for control chores. This is because they have cultures which value collectivism and avoidance of tactical uncertainty. Implicit cultural beliefs influence the performances of different workers (Stonehouse Campell, 2004). In a case whereby managers do not appreciate the cultural orientation of subordinates, dissatisfaction often crops up. Before transferring different persons to new positions, it is essential to get a keen analysis of their cultural flexibility. Workers from the given cultures are expected to have different opinions on the issue of gender and job positions. For instance, the humane orientation of German ladies does not match that of Iranian counterparts. They are likely to have hard time when working together in a new market. The most effective way to maximize on cultural diversity for the improvement of efficiency and effectiveness is yet to be pioneered. However Hexaware Technologies should use employee networking, c ommunity support and local organizations to attain this status. The activity will in turn support the advancement of the organization in the global market (Adler Gendersen, 2008). Creation of external affiliations in the original states of team members will buffer the adverse effects of cultural diversity. Penetration into new markets will thereby be made easier. References Adler, N. Gendersen, A. (2008). International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior, New York: Cengage Learning. House, R. et al (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Global Focus in Cultural Diversity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Stonehouse, G. Campell, D. (2004). Global and Transnational Business: Strategy and Management, San Francisco: John Wiley Sons. This essay on Global Focus in Cultural Diversity was written and submitted by user Taraji Whitfield to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Online Roleplaying Rules Ver 2.1 (character Creation) Essays

Online Roleplaying Rules Ver 2.1 (character Creation) Essays Online roleplaying rules Ver 2.1 (character creation) Welcome Welcome to the Thiatre de More and our game of Vampire: The Past Returned in VP. Within this text you will find the ways to create a character for the game and how to submit yourself to engage in the game. If you seek more information on the Kindred a link named Vampire Homepage in the Thiatre will take you to a very imformitive site A little background on the game. We are currently running a game intermingled with both the Modern Day and Dark Ages campeign. The Thiatre de More and the lands of Knarl hold as grounds affected by the powers of Temporis causing it to be ripped back into time allowing the lands to fall under the old ways. Within the walls of the Thiatre a similar to a Dark Ages game takes place the time being similar to 1237 ad. Here the game strugles with oppression from the Camarilla, Sabbat, Inquisition, and Baali. Character Creation The first step to joining in with the game is to create a character. This text will leed you step by step in creating a Kindred within the Thiatre de More. As you create your character write out the information on a TXT file to send to the ST's and to keep as a reffrence for yourself. A blank character sheet can be found at the end of the character creation portion, simply cut and paste the sheet onto another TXT Step 1: Chosing your clan A vampire is a vampire no matter what. But like humans the Kindred separate themselves into groups called clans. Each clan has their own ways of looking at life (or unlife) as well as their own set of clan strength weeknesses and in clan disciplines (powers of the Kindred). The first step in creating your character is to chose your clan from the list provided. It is recomended for newer players to research the clan or clans you are interested in playing. The clans, their steriotype and their in clan Disciplines: Assimites - The mysterious "Saracens" of the Middle East have perfected the art of the silent kill. (Celerity, Obfuscate, Quietus) Brujah (old clan) - Philosophers, scholars and warriors, the fractious "Zealots" persue their dream of a perfect society. (Celerity, Potence, Presence) Catiff (not a clan) - The rare and luckless Canites with no clan are outcasts and disgraced. (any, except Thaumaturgy) Cappadocians - Seeking the wisdom of the grave, the "Graverobbers" call upon the spirits of the dead for enlightenment. (Auspex, Fortitude, Mortis) Followers of Set - Orriginally hailing from Egypt, the "Serpents" spread corruption and vice in their wake. (Obfuscate, Presence, Serpentis) Gangrel - Wanderers and rustics, the "Animals" are closer to the beasts of the forest than to any of their Cainite kin. (Animalism, Forttude, Protean) Lasombra (old clan) - Masters of darkness and shadows, the "Magisters" seek to controle mortal and vampiric society alike. (Dominate, Obtenebration, Obfuscate) Malkavian (old clan)- Cursed with insanity, the "Madmen" enjoy surreal and disturbing insight. (Dominate, Dementation, Obfuscate) Nosferatu - Hideous beyond words, the ostracized "Lepers" are spies and informants without equal. (Animalism, Obfuscate, Potence) Ravnos - Wandering vagabonds and hucksters, the "Charlatains" gleefully practice their arts of deception and theft. (Animalism, Chimerestry, Fortitude) Toreador - Lovers of art and beauty, the "Artisans" freely indulge in their tastes for the aesthetic. (Auspex, Celerity, Presence) Tremere - A young and insular clan of wizards, the sorcercerous "Userpers" struggle to establish themselves. (Auspex, Dominate, Thaumaturgy) Tzimisci (old clan) - Terrible Slavic fleshcrafters, the "Fiends" mercilessly lord over their mortal subjects. (Animalism, Auspex, Dominate) Ventrue - Imperious and commanding, the "Patricians" consider it their duty to lead vampiric society. (Dominate, Fortitude, Presence) Brujah (new clan) - Respecting no authority and acknowledging no leaders, the "Rabble" consider themselves free (Celerity, Potence, Presence) Lasombra (new clan) - Puppetmasters in the darkness, the Lasombra rule the Sabbat and controle the shadows. (Dominate, Obtenebration, Potence) Malkavian (new clan) - Commonly perceaved to be insane, the "Kooks" possess an uncany vision and wisdom. (Auspex, Dominate, Obfuscate) Tzimisci (new clan) - Called "Fiends" for good reason, the Tzimisci are noble yet cruelly inhuman. (Animalism, Auspex, Vicissitude) When you chose your clan mark it down on your character sheet as well as the disciplines listed for the clan. for further information on your clans specific flaw please

Environmental impact of carbon fuel consumption ( cars, taxis, buses, Essay

Environmental impact of carbon fuel consumption ( cars, taxis, buses, air plane...) - Essay Example The article cites that they only eat organic food which is mostly grown within a 250 mile distance to make it possible to access the food manually. They also do not use paper, they do not produce trash and most important is that they use no carbon-fueled transportation. Implementing these measures according to Beavan can significantly reduce the depletion rate of our environment and see a brighter future for the next generation. In the film â€Å" no impact man† there are similar measures as there is no use of elevators, television, no cars and/or buses, no cleaning products and no garbage. In this movie the food is also organic and he gets it from around Manhattan. There are critics of his families measure as they argue that starting from the mere air they breathe which is made of carbon dioxide to the buildings they live in which were made by machinery to the trucks that bring food in the city they still are accountable for some of the deterioration of the atmosphere. Howeve r it is important to note that with the level of ozone layer depletion at this point it is crucial to take measures to prevent further or slower depletion in order to have a future. This paper looks at some of the benefits and ways of using less fuel consuming cars and buses to the environment. The Beavans are four months into their experiment which involves the use of non-fuel transportation to run their daily activities. This paper advocates for the reduction in the use of cars, taxis, buses or anything that we usually use daily that consumes fuel. In the article Michelle Conlin asserts that she uses her scooter even in the rainy and snow seasons and never uses any other means of transportation. The use of the scooter can help reduce the carbon emissions significantly in the environment and help in living in an environment that is free of any fuel pollution. The wide use of cars, buses and machinery

Why Corporate Income Tax Should Be Abolished Essay

Why Corporate Income Tax Should Be Abolished - Essay Example This would make the conditions of doing business in the country more friendly. As a result, foreign investors would flock the country in pursuit of the American dream. The main aim of the corporate income tax is to make sure that corporations too have a role to play in nation building by paying tax. The government provides the corporations with a good environment to do business and in order to support this; the government uses a substantial amount of funds. Therefore, the corporations should pay tax to ensure that the government is able to provide them with such services that enable them to be profitable. As much as the corporate income tax stands at 35%, some corporations have found ways to bring this number down to around 12%. This is has been made possible through the introduction of tax refunds. Wealthy individuals will also find ways to incorporate their wealth to their corporations’ wealth. This would mean that the government would lose more revenue. The author states that at some point in history when the personal income tax become high, wealthy individuals incorporated their wealth to that of their corporations in order to pay the much lower corporate income tax. If the corporate tax was to be scrapped off, it should be done in well calculated move. The benefits and the costs should be considered both in the long run and the short run. All the loopholes should then be closed to ensure people don’t take advantage of this as a way to avoid paying taxes. Such a move would spell danger to the American economy.

The different between the two families depicted in Flight & your shoes Essay Example for Free

The different between the two families depicted in Flight your shoes Essay The story Flight is about an old man trying to come to terms with his granddaughter growing up. It is form a collection of short stories. The scene is set and the mood of all the characters are established right at beginning of the story. The old man has some pigeons, which he keep as pets. Flight is based around the similarity between the way the old man looks after his pigeons, and how he would like his granddaughters to be controlled and trained the same way. The pigeons are symbols representing his granddaughters. We see, however, that the birds return home. Whether his granddaughters will is another matter. There is a contrast when you look at the syntax in Your Shoes.Which is different from Flight. Here, we have a first person narrative, and because a character is speaking to us, we have the rhythms of speech, changes of direction in the flow of sentences and short, broken speech.This not the cone in Flight which is third person narrative and less personal. Structuarally, the story is very clever. We gradually learn about the woman speaking. At first, we sympathise with her; then learn how she has been horrible to her daughter; how she has tried to control her and keep her unspoilt like the shoes; how she has made the decisions for her; and how, just as she did not get on with her mother, so too this mother-daughter relationship has also collapsed. We are convinced, from the words coming from the womans own mouth, that the failings are her fault. And we move to a final scene in which she is pathetic and sad, locked away from the husband she never loved, pretending love for her daughter and the pair of shoes which symbolises how she would like her daughter to be. Flight is all about growing up and leaving home to starting a new life. For the mother, in this story,Flight this is a natural process, it seems, and she is happy to see her daughters fall in love and marry. The mother is crying,, however because of her father s attitude her father has made all the girls so unhappy by wanting them to be like his birds. Or might it be that she somehow sees his point and is wishing that life could be as simple as he would like it to be that she knows everything might be easier if we could simply return to the coop? Or is she crying for him, because he is so sad and so unfair and wrong? It is up to us to decide! The old man has lost three other granddaughters through marriage. He saw them transformed inside a few months from charming petulant spoiled children into serious young matrons. He is scared of what marriage will do to Alice. When he loses Alice through marriage, he thinks that everything will be gone there will be no more granddaughters at home for him to cherish and he is worried that the girl he loves will change as her sisters did. He is scared of being lonely. He would be left, uncherished and alone, with that square-fronted, calm-eyed woman, his daughter. Therefore, when Alice leaves, he feels that his whole life will be ruined. When he releases his favourite bird (which we can link to Alice), all the other birds go too, because Alice was the one person he had left to love. If she goes, all his capacity to love goes. The mans life will be entirely different with the loss of all his granddaughters it will be entirely different with the loss of all his birds. When he says farewell to one favourite, everything else crumbles for him too. Ending he is now aware, at least that he is how he perceives things. However after releasing the pigeon he turned slowly, taking his time; he lifted his eyes to smile proudly down the garden at his granddaughter. She was starting at him. She did not smile. She was wide-eyed, and pale in the cold shadow, and he saw the tears run shivering of her face. The daughter was still with him.

OSI reference model

OSI reference model HISTORY: OSI reference model is advanced teaching of network. As there was a need of common model of protocol layers, this concept promoted the idea and defined about interoperability between network devices and software. Networking with protocol standards such as SNA and Decnet are completely vendor-developed and proprietary which are prior to OSI concept. Industries worked out to sort out such complications, and have introduced a new concept named OSI which is attempting to get everyone to agree to common network standards to provide multi-vendor interoperability. Many devices were unable to communicate with other protocols directly because of lack of common protocols. It was common for large networks to support multiple network suites. Database design and distributed database design were the interest of canepas group in the early and middle 70s. It was clear in the mid 70s that standard distributed communications architecture would be required to support database machines, distributed acce ss, and the like. For development of such standardized database systems some of the groups have studied the existing solutions, including IBMs system network architecture (SNA), so the work on protocols is done for ARPANET, and some concepts of presentation services. In spite of these defaults which lead to the development of a seven layer architecture known internally as the distributed systems architecture (DSA) in 1977. Meanwhile, in 1977 International Organization for Standardization has got a proposal that a standard architecture was needed to define the communications infrastructure for distributed processing by British Standards Institute. Thus, subcommittee on Open System Interconnection was formed by ISO [Technical Committee 97, Subcommittee 16]. The American National Standard Institute (ANSI) was charged to develop proposals in advance of the first meeting of the subcommittee. INTRODUCTION:- Although the topic of OSI can seem boring and academic, actually it is a very useful way to learn more about networking. OSI offers a good starting point for understanding the differences between repeaters, switches, and routers, for example. The model also can help one better understand network protocols. The main idea in OSI is the process of communication between the end points of a two telecommunication network, this can be divided into layers, which can be added within its layers of its own set of special, related functions. The OSI model (and networking models developed by other organizations) attempts to define rules that cover both the generalities and specifics of networks. OSI model was not a network standard, but it was used as guidelines for development of network standards. It was become so important that almost all major networks standards in use today conform entirely to its seven layers. The relationship between OSI model and internet protocol stack, as it is known that the new technologies and developments are emerged based on networks. These networks comprise of protocols and the entire protocol stack. Internet protocol stack is based on OSI model. [1] OSI MODEL:- The modern day networking process is understood by layering. OSI model consists of seven layers. They are 1. Application Layer (7th Layer) 2. Presentation Layer (6th Layer) 3. Session Layer (5th Layer) 4. Transport Layer (4th Layer) 5. Network Layer (3rd Layer) 6. Data-link Layer (2nd Layer) 7. Physical Layer (1st Layer) [2] The OSI model defines internetworking in terms of a vertical stack of seven layers. Among, these layer, there are two parts division one is upper layer and the other is lower layer. Upper layer consist of layer 7, 6 and 5 and the lower layer consist of 4, 3, 2 and 1. Among these two layer upper layer deals with the application issues which are generally are implemented only in software. The software that implements network services like encryption and connection management. When we consider deals with the data transport issues and the implement more primitive, hardware functions like routing, addressing and flow control. [3] Upper layer: (Application layer, Presentation layer, Session layer) OSI designates the application, presentation, and session stages of the stack as the upper layers. Software in these layers performs application-specific functions like data formatting, encryption, and connection management. For example: -HTTP, SSL and NFS Lower layer: (Transport layer, Network layer, Physical layer.) Lower layers of the OSI model provide more primitive network-specific functions like routing, addressing, and flow control. For example:- TCP, IP, and Ethernet Application Layer: Describes how real work actually gets done. Ex: this layer would implement file system operations. And also it defines interface to user processes for communication and data transfer in network. It provides standardized services such as virtual terminal, file and job transfer and operations. â€Å" provides service directly to the user application. Because of the potentially wide variety of application, this layer provide a wealth of services. Among these services are establishing privacy mechanism, authenticating the intended communication partners, and determining if adequate resources are present.† [3] Presentation layer : Describes the syntax of data being transferred. Ex: this layer describes how floating point numbers can be exchanged between hosts with different math formats. Mask the difference of data formats between dissimilar systems. Specifies architecture independent data transfer format. It encodes data; like encrypts and decrypts data, compresses and decompresses data. â€Å" performs data transformation to provide a common interface for user application, including services such as reformatting data compression, and encryption.†[3] Session layer : In general, describes the organization of data sequences larger than the packets handled by lower layers. Ex: this layer describes how request and reply packets are paired in a remote procedure call. It mange user session and dialogues. And also controls establishment and termination of logic between users. Reports upper layer errors. â€Å" establishes, manages and end user connection and manages the interaction between end systems. Services includes such thing as establishing communication as full or half duplex and grouping data†[3] Transport Layer:- In general, describes the quality and nature of the data delivery. Ex: this layer defines if and how retransmissions will be used to ensure data delivery. Manage end-to-end message delivery in network. Provides reliable and sequential packet delivery through error recovery and flow control mechanisms. Provides connectionless oriented packet delivery â€Å" insulates the three upper layer, 5 through 7, from having deal with the complexities of layer 1 through 3by providing the function necessary to guarantee a reliable network link. Among other function, this layer provides error recovery and flow control between the two end points of the network connections.†[3] Network layer :- In general, describes how a series of exchanges over various data links can deliver data between any two nodes in a network. Ex: this layer defines the addressing and routing structure of the Internet. Network layer function determines how data are transferred between network devices. Routes packets according to unique network device addresses. It provides flow and congestion control to prevent network resource depletion. â€Å" Establishes, maintains and terminates network connection . Among other functions, standard define how data routing and relaying are handled†[3] Data link layer: In general, describes the logical organization of data bits transmitted on a particular medium. Ex: this layer defines the framing, addressing and check summing of Ethernet packets. Defines procedures for operating the communication links and frames packets. And also detects and corrects packets transmit errors. â€Å" ensures the reliability of the physical link established at layer 1 . standard defines how data frames are recognized and provide necessary flow control and error handling at the frame level.†[3] Physical layer : In general, describes the physical properties of the various communications media, as well as the electrical properties and interpretation of the exchanged signals. Ex: this layer defines the size of Ethernet coaxial cable, the type of BNC connector used, and the termination method. Physical later defines physical means of sending data network devices and defines optical, electrical and mechanical characteristics and interfaces between network medium and devices. â€Å" controls transmission of the raw bit stream over transmission medium. Standard for this layer define such parameter as the amount of signal voltage swings, the duration of voltage and so on.†[3] INFLUENCE: The protocol stack or Internet protocol stack also show influence of the OSI model most of the terminology is same, and most of the books present an Internet protocol stack that uses OSI terminology and that includes physical and data link layer. But in 1981 article by john postal, Carl Sunshine and Danny Cohen there is a diagram showing the Internet protocol functioning on top of one of the several Network protocol and it describe such network protocol as being the packet transmission protocol in each individual network. In a article 1983 by Vinton Cerf- often referred to as â€Å" one of the founding father of the internet† and Edward Cain that the layer that IP function is called â€Å"Internetwork layer† and the layer under that is â€Å"Network layer†. We can universally that the layer at which IP function is called the Network Layer and the important layer was called â€Å"Network layer is usually omitted.† [4] TCP/IP: TCP/IP was originally developed as a research experiment. It has become the backbone of thr information superhighway. It provides users with the back bone services used to carry popular services such as the World Wide Wed (www), E-Mail and other. In late 70s as a US Government Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) research development project, the â€Å"ARPANET†. This has grown to provide connection to system world wide, helping bring the information age into reality. TCP/IP is not really a protocol, but a set of protocols a protocol stack, as it is most commonly called. Its name, for example, already refers to two different protocols, TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and IP (Internet Protocol). There are several other protocols related to TCP/IP like FTP, HTTP, SMTP and UDP just to name a few. The TCP/IP suite can be understood as a set of discrete component with a layered architecture. The transport layer and below of the TCP/IP suite can be viewed in the figure. The link covers the internetwork and transport protocols. The delivery of packets between the adjacent nodes in an internetwork id provided bye the link protocols. This link delivery only implies that delivered information is intact. Internetwork layer is responsible for addressing and routing of packets between source and destination nodes within the network. At the final the transport layer provides full service to transfer information between them.[5] Application layer: Application layer is the communication between programs and transport protocol. Several different protocols works on the Application layer. The familiar protocols HTTP, SMTP, FTP, SNMP, DNS and Telnet. Application layer commucate through Transport layer that to through a port. Ports are numbered and standard applications always use the same port. For example , SMTP protocol always use port 25, and HTTP protocol always use port 89 and FTP protocol always use ports 20 for data transmission and 21 for control.[6] Transport layer:- The layers gets data from the Application layer and divide into several data packets. It is the most uses TCP. After receiving data TCP protocol gets the packets which sent by the Internet layer and make the in an order, because arrives at the destiny in out of order. Transport layer also check if the content of the received packet are intact and reply by giving acknowledge signal to the transmitter , allowing it to know that the packet arrived in an order at the destiny. If there are no acknowledge signal is received it re send the lost packet.[6] Internet layer: IP address is the unique virtual identity on TCP/IP network of each computer. It as charge of adding a header to the data packets received from the Transport layer. Where other control data will, it will add source IP address and target IP address. the physical address assigned to the network card of each computer. This address is written on the network card RO and is call MAC address. Let us suppose A computer want send a data to B computer so the A want to know the B MAC address but in small local area network computer can easily discover each other MAC address, this is an easy task. If there is no any virtual addressing were used we must to know the MAC address of the destination computer, which is not only a hard task but also does not help out packet routing, because it does not use a tree like structure.[6] Network Interface Layer:- The next is the network interface layer, the datagram generated on the upper layer will be sent to the network interface layer if we are sending data, or the Network Interface layer will get data from the network and send it to the Internet layer, if we are receiving data. The Network Interface Layer breaks down the packets from the Internet Layer into frames and then eventually into bits for transmission across the physical network medium. Signalling and network medium standards such as Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, X .25, Frame Relay, RS-232, and v.35 are defined in this layer. Network Interface Controller (NIC) Cards, network hubs, repeaters, bridges, and switches operate at this level.[6] TCP/IP and OSI MODEL:- TCP/IP is defined in term of the protocols that constitute it. Most of the critical protocols functions are their lower layer of the OSI Reference MODEL that are layer 2, 3 and 4 which correspond to the network interface that is internet and transport layer in the TCP/IP model. Which includes all important IP at layer 3 and TCP at layer 4 which combine to give TCP/IP the name to it. TCP contains four subsections. The first description are the two TCP/IP protocols that reside at the network layer, layer 2 of the OSI model PPP and SLIP. And the second details a couple of special protocol that reside between layer 2 and 3 ARP and RARP. The third covers the TCP/IP internet layer (i.e) OSI network layer and layer 3 including IP and several other related and support protocol. At the final the fourth describes the TCP/IP transports layer protocols TCP and UDP.[7] The lower layer of the OSI model is the physical layer which responsible for the transmitting information from one place to another on a network. The layer just above the physical layer is the data link layer and in TCP/IP its call has Network interface layer. Its main job is to implement network at local level and interface between the hardware oriented physical layer, and the ore abstract, software oriented function of the network layer and the above it.[8] Effects of Internet:- As a consequence of the development of internet, the internet protocol best effort delivery. But it is considered to be unreliable when it is talked about its service. In other network architectural language it is called as connection-less protocol. Thus it has its contrast implications to so called connecting modes of transmission. This lack of reliability causes many effects. The major problems raised are: Data corruption Lost data packets Duplicate arrival Out-of-order packet delivery Coming to the effects based on IPv4 and IPv6, they are as follows. IETF declared that IPv4 will not be able to accommodate the need for ever increasing amount of IP addresses in the next few years. The increase and expansion of IP addresses are needed to accommodate following. They are used for proliferation of internet devices such as personal computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), wireless devices, and new Internet appliances; the expansion of internet through the world; the increasing applications of internet access; requirements of emerging internet applications. Thus decrease in usage of IPv4 effects all the above mentioned utilizes. The solution for this problem is found from development of IPv6 which enables a mass market and the increased adoption of the internet. IPv4 was in existence and effectively working from almost 20 years. But now all of its approximately four billion of address seems to be getting finished. Because with the tremendous growth of the internet devices and blocks of the ip addresses assigned to various organizations and countries. This fast growth in the number of devices e.g. Mobiles, computers, music players, etc. it looked as if IPv4 addresses would be exhausted in near future. In order to overcome this problem and increasing life for IPv4 certain measures have been taken e.g. network address translation (NAT), classless inter-domain routing (CIDR) and PPP/DHCP. But all of these solutions are temporary and they made networks more complex and difficult for one to understand and implement. Internet Stack Model The Internet Stack Model employs a Internet Protocol Stack or Suite both these words are used interchangeably. This can be defined as the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks. As discussed earlier Protocol is a set of rules in a network. The names of the two protocols which employed the Internet Stack Model are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which were also the first two networking protocols defined in this standard. A protocol stack (sometimes communications stack) is a particular software implementation of a computer networking protocol suit. In practical implementation, protocol stacks are often divided into three major sections: media, transport, and applications. A particular operating system or platform will often have two well-defined software interfaces: one between the media and transport layers, and one between the transport layers and applications. Upper layers are logically closer to the user and deal with more abstract data, relying on lower layer protocols to translate data into forms that can eventually be physically transmitted.[1] Difference between OSI and TCP/IP:- OSI model is the standard reference model that describes how the protocols should interact with one another. This was invented by the Department of Defense.TCP/IP does map clearly into OSI model, but is so convenient to think in terms of the OSI model when explaining protocols. The major differences are:- The application layer in TCP/IP handles the responsibilities of layers 5, 6 and 7 in the OSI model. The transport layer in TCP/IP does not always guarantee reliable delivery of packets at the transport layer, while the OSI model does. TCP/IP also offers an option called UDP that does not guarantee reliable packet delivery. [9] TCP/IP appears to be a more simpler model and this is mainly due to the fact that it has fewer layers TCP/IP is considered to be a more credible model- This is mainly due to the fact because TCP/IP protocols are the standards around which the internet was developed therefore it mainly gains creditability due to this reason. Where as in contrast networks are not usually built around the OSI model as it is merely used as a guidance tool The OSI model consists of 7 architectural layers whereas the TCP/IP only has 4 layers. Disadvantages of OSI model: Major disadvantages of OSI model are Bad timing Bad technology Bad implementations Bad Timing: Presently it appears that standard OSI protocols got crushed. It was completed too late, TCP/IP had already taken hold and become the familiar standard for research universities by the time the OSI Model was ready Bad Technology:- Both the models and protocols are flawed. As mentioned about the layers, cause major disadvantage of this model. Working on OSI model which is associated with several definitions and protocols is extraordinarily complex. The reappearance of functions in each layer also cause problem. Some of those functions are addressing, flow control, and error control. Certain important features are placed in every layer. Some times the decisions taken for placing these features are not obvious. In the past the presentation layer had virtual terminal handling which is presently used in application layer. Data security, encryption and network management were also omitted. The criticism given by world is that communication mentality is increasing rapidly. Bad Implementations: Initial implementations made by people were huge ,unwieldy and slow Because of the complexity of the model, the initial implementations were huge, unwieldy, and slow. As time is passing the product got betterments, but bad image stuck. [10] everyone who tried to implement it got burned, giving OSI a reputation for poor quality Disadvantages of TCP/IP model: When TCP/IP is compared with IPX there are few drawbacks. IPX is faster compared to TCP/IP. TCP/IP is intricate to set up and manage. The overhead of TCP/IP is higher than that of IPX. The process involved in TCP/IP is long. The entire process is, port numbers are assigned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and they identify the process to which a particular packet is connected to. Port numbers are found in the packet header. [11]. Few more disadvantages of this model are: software used for strict layering is very inefficient. When buffers are provided they leave space for headers which are added by lower layer protocols. [12] Security:- Internet has become a phenomenon. Sharing Files, transferring Files all across the network has caused the users to think about some serious problems that are being raised due to the phenomenon of Internet. Security is another issue that sits at the top of the level as designers and developers both struggle to give out the correct form of measures to be taken to deal with the issue of Network Security. Since the Protocol Stack has got just one layer to really check the authenticity of the packets that pass through the layers and the network. It has allowed the network to become more susceptible to foreign threats. Since, Computers that are connected to each other create a network. These networks are often configured with public Internet Protocol (IP) addresses that is, the devices on the network are visible to devices outside the network. Networks can also be configured as private meaning that devices outside the network cannot see or communicate directly to them. Computers on a public network have the advantage (and disadvantage) that they are completely visible to the Internet. As such, they have no boundaries between themselves and the rest of the Internet community. This advantage oftentimes becomes a distinct disadvantage since this visibility can lead to a computer vulnerability exploit -e.g.: Hacking if the devices on the public network are not properly secured.To plainly counter this strategy the, we employ a private LAN and make the network a private network then the disadvantage of a private network would be that it entails more configuration and administration to maintain usability. At times, not being fully visible on the Internet can cause some difficulty in connecting to certain services, such as streaming audio/video, chat/instant messaging programs, or some secure Web sites. Maintaining most computers on a private network, with only an IDP/IDS and/or Firewall visible to the public Internet helps maintain a highly secure environment for the computers on the private network, while at the same time keeping them connected to the public Internet.[13] Benefits of OSI model:- The OSI Model is a standard and a very useful tool to deal with the problems of networking. The OSI model is also a standard model for networking protocols and distributed application. In the OSI model there are a total of 7 network layers. The layers of OSI provide the levels of abstraction. Each layer performs a different set of functions and the intent was to make each layer as independent as possible from all the others. This guarantees the security to each packet that passes through these layers also, it reduces the complexity of packet routing through each layer thus reducing the threat of congestion in the network. Each layer uses the information from the below layer and provides a service to the layer above in the OSI Model. [14] Conclusion: Even though OSI model has a few limitations it cannot be said that the model is not suitable anymore because talking about the time and the influence of the OSI model on the networking as whole has had a lot of positive causes. Even if we have many new models coming up with different improvements the base model is always the OSI model. What we can take out of the OSI model are mainly the benefits of the OSI model and which even are the major characteristics needed for creating a good model. The OSI Model is perhaps the most imp lest and widely used through the world. Owing to the advantages of this network we are able to reduce the complexity and save time when passing data on a network. Reference:- 1) John Larmouth (1996): Understanding OSI: International Thomson Computer Press, Michigan. USA} 2) Computer networks 3rd edition by ANDREW S. TANENBAUM 3) Standard network layer architecture, By Bradley Mitchell http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/designosimodel/a/osimodel.htm 4)http://www2.rad.com/networks/introductory/layers/main.htm 5) By Douglas Comers http://www.cellsoft.de/telecom/tcpip.htm 6) Author: Gabriel Torres http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/433/1,2,3,4,5,6 7) Charles M. Kozierok .http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_TCPIPLowerLayerInterfaceInternetandTransportProtoc.htm 8) Charles M. Kozierok http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_DataLinkLayerTechnologiesandProtocols.htm http://itprofesionals.blogspot.com/2009/01/what-is-difference-between-osi-model.html 10) Computer Networks Fourth Edition by Andrew S. Tanenbaum 11)www.tech-faq.com/understanding-the-osi-model.shtml www.bookrags.com/wiki/OSI_model 13) Behrouz A. Forouzan, Sophia Chung Fegan (2004). Data Communications and Networking, McGraw-Hill Professional, USA. 14) http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/designosimodel/a/osimodel.htm

Analysis of a High Toned Christian Woman

Samantha Kozera Ms. McGrath ENG 4U 20 March 2013 Analysis of A High-Toned Christian Woman The poem A High-Toned Christian Woman by Wallace Stevens used many sound devices to create an amazing poem and therefore should be considered to be â€Å"the best poem in the world†. If we dissect the poem, we can see that almost every line has a sound device that affects the poem’s atmosphere, meaning or use of words. The mood seemed playful from combinations of words and sound devices.The alliteration in line 19: â€Å"May, merely may, madame†¦Ã¢â‚¬  makes the speaker sound fun instead of strict. The onomatopoeia in line 18: â€Å"Such tink and tank and tunk-a-tunk-tunk†¦Ã¢â‚¬  also bring up the playful mood. His tone seems to be mocking the Christian woman’s beliefs instead of having a mature conversation. Repetition of â€Å"Madame† as well as â€Å"palm†, planets, and fiction makes it clear to the reader that these subjects are important. Ste vens creates comparisons from the first mention of those subjects to the next mention.For example, he states in the first line that â€Å"poetry is the supreme fiction† then later speaks about the woman’s beliefs as fiction as well. The author also repeats the subject planets. The first time the author speaks of planets is in a context of a â€Å"project beyond the planets† (Line 8-9). The project could be poetry and the place could be his imagination. Since we often associate something beyond the planets as Heaven (especially since Christianity is in our minds at this point), the author choses the repetition of planets to show that anything beyond it is a figment of the imagination.He speaks of Heaven in line 3 with an alliteration, â€Å"haunted Heaven† after he speaks about a â€Å"nave† (Line 2). This line creates a dark and cruel feeling. A nave is an empty place for worshippers and a haunted Heaven gives the idea that Heaven is a place for de ad worshippers. In line 2 and 3 assonance is used with the â€Å"a† sound being the emphasis. These lines are very important to the poem by putting emphasis on these lines the author brings that to the reader’s attention.The author’s diction and images like â€Å"Squiggling like saxophones† (Line 12), â€Å"muzzy bellies† (Line 16) and â€Å"jovial hullabaloo† (Line 20) make it seem like the speaker trying to persuade the woman to think a certain way and is making fun of what she thinks to accomplish that. The image of a widow wincing is a very sharp image that’s emphasised by the alliteration with the â€Å"w† sound that contrasts the fun mood. This could represent the comparison of the interpretation of poetry and the interpretation of religious literature.Also, this widow could represent the Christian woman, who is wincing at such crazy ideas spoken by the speaker of the poem. In conclusion, the sound devices and images cont ribute to the mood and meaning of the poem because it brings emphasis to important lines. Through connotations and alliterations, Wallace Stevens makes a short poem into a huge (controversial) idea. The fact that someone can accomplish this with only twenty-two lines makes it eligible to be the best poem ever.

Criminal Justice Trends Paper Essay

In this paper I will be evaluating past, present, and future trends pertaining to the corrections system. There are many different trends that correctional facilities have used in the past and these trends have continued on to modern day and maybe will continue on into the future. As part of my evaluation I will identify and analyze past, current and future issues facing the corrections system today and also I will discuss the budgetary and managerial impact that future trends will likely have not only on the corrections system, but also on the other components of the criminal justice system like law enforcement and the court system. Trends of Corrections In the past before there were prisons and jails the punishment of crimes were cruel and dangerous. Some of the punishments in the past included flogging, mutilation, branding, public humiliation, or exile. Today our correctional facilities focus on rehabilitating criminals so that they can be functional in society; one of the ways that is pursued is through community based corrections to save costs instead of housing an inmate. Community based corrections is used as an alternative to being locked up, this is also cost effective rather than housing them in prison or jail because they foot the bill. Community based corrections is known as parole, probation, house arrest, or electronic monitoring. Community based corrections is a privilege and there are many rules that need to be followed, and if they disobey any of the rules the get sent back to prison or jail. Currently we have a bill that passed in California called AB 109 and it was passed to release many inmates to lower the overpopulation of inmates and the end rising costs to house an inmate. â€Å"The state expects to reduce the prison inmate population by about 14,000 in 2011-2012 and approximately 40,000 upon full implementation in 2014-2015. The state estimates that these reductions will result in a state savings of about $453 million in 2011-2012 and up to $1.5 billion upon full implementation.† (Taylor, 2011). This assembly bill will just create a future problem though, when all these inmates get released out into the communities most of them will end up back in prison. According to the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation the recidivism rate of inmates that were returned back into a correctional facility within three years was 63.7% and the other 36.3% were successful three years out of prison. AB 109 will not decrease the inmate population that largely in the long run according to those statistics. The bill will also increase the caseloads on probation officers, making it harder to keep a good eye on all inmates roaming in the communities, allowing them to reoffend put the problem back in the hands of law enforcement. Issues Facing the Criminal Justice System The current issues facing prisons are they are being over crowded, and they are too expensive to manage. Assembly Bill AB 109 tries to alleviate the problems of over crowding but I believe that it is a short-term solution because of the recidivism rate. Alternate correction systems would reduce costs to the state, and maybe even be more affective than jail or prison time. There are alternatives to jail and prison like we discussed earlier, but those are all state funded. In the future maybe there will be programs funded by organizations that want to help rehabilitate criminals or they make the criminal pay for their services. Some examples might be intensive supervised probation, house arrest, electronic monitoring, community residential centers, or shock incarceration. I think we need to have a self-sufficient prison that keeps inmates busy working for what they have, to cut down costs of prisons. One way to cut down costs is to actually use our death penalty, what is the severity of having a death penalty if you know you are going to sit in a cell until you die of natural causes. We are not posing enough threat to these criminals. Watching Lock Up on MSNBC, most of the inmates will never be functioning citizens, some of them admit they need to be behind a cell. Why pay so much money for someone to rot in jail, they are no use to the country and think they need to be put down, just like a viscous dog at the pound. If the vet determines the animal is too aggressive they euthanize the animal because they can never be adopted out, I think we can use the same concept in our correctional system. With an overpopulated correctional system, and the realignment bill 109 there will be many criminals back on the streets, which only adds to the problem for every other component of the criminal justice system. The police are having a bigger population of criminals back on the streets and the departments have tight budgets and do not have enough funds to hire more help to control the streets. The sheriff and police departments then will have to stretch themselves thin to try to put the recommitting offenders back in the correction system. Which then puts the criminal back into the already overcrowded court system, which creates more of a problem because now there are even more cases which will create bigger case loads and slow down the already slow system. Conclusion In this paper I discussed the past, current, and future trends in corrections. In the past the punishments were cruel, and now we are focused more on rehabilitation and California facilities are being over crowded. I also analyzed current and future issues facing the overpopulated prisons. The budget deficit is only going to get worse and these problems within the criminal justice system is only going to get bigger and bigger. Bill AB 109 was put into affect to help relieve the budget issue but as I discussed I think that it is a short-term solution because of the recidivism rates. The criminal justice system is always growing and changing to satisfy the needs of the communities they protect.

The Matchmaker Essays - English-language Films, Literature

The Matchmaker Essays - English-language Films, Literature The Matchmaker The Matchmaker has four main characters Mrs. Dolly Levi, Mr. Horace Vandergelder, Cornelius Hackl, and Mrs. Irene Molloy. Each character has his or her own personality, but one thing that each character has in common is that they want some type of adventure or change in their life. How they go about these changes they each do differently. Mrs. Dolly Levi is a lady who likes to get what she wants. She has ambitions and likes to live life to its fullist. These are all positive characteristics about Mrs. Levi. It is how she goes about getting what she wants that makes her a interesting character. Mrs. Levi enjoys getting into other peoples business and telling them how to conduct their lives. Even though that fits her job description as a matchmaker, she goes about doing it in a very manipulitive way. I, Mrs. Dolly Levi, intend to make the most of my life. I want to spend lots of money and enjoy doing it. I want to marry Mr. Vandergelder and I will lie and cheat in order to do so. Without money I am not happy and I want to be happy, that is why I will marry Mr. Vandergelder. I think that Mr. Vandergelder is a nice old man on the inside once you get past his grumpy facade. He needs a little excitement in his life and I will give it to him. Mr. Horace Vandergelder is a stingy, cruel and miserable old man. He wants things done his way or no way at all. If things are not the way he wants them they are wrong and foolish. Horace has all this money and has nothing to spend it on. He just wants to control his nieces life. For the first time it seems, in this play, he realizes he may want to take a little risk in his life. I, Mr. Horace Vandergelder, want to get married. I am willing to take the first risk that I have taken in a long time and get married. I need a little bit of order in my house and that is what a wife will do for me. I like Mrs. Levi, mainly because I am paying her to find a suitible wife for me. I love my niece Ermengarde but she is a fool for wanting to marry Ambrose, a man with no money. I do not understand why she would want to marry a poor artist. Cornelius Hackl is a very spontaneous character who is the most willing to take large risks in his life. He is now thirty-three and realizes that his life is not moving as fast as he would like for it to. This is why he chose to go to New York and do something about it and it sure paid off for him. Cornelius is a leader and not afraid to take chances. He feels a great need for adventure in his life and takes Barnaby with him. I, Cornelius, am getting too old to have the same position that I have had at work for so long now. I feel that I need a change in my life, an adventure. Even if I need to risk everything I have, which is not much, I am willing to do it to get something more out of my life. I am really fed up with Mr. Vandergelder always bossing me around and never showing me any gratification for it. He does not appreciate anything that I have ever done for him. Barnaby is one of my best friends and it is my responsibility to show him how to have a good time and make life a little adventerous. Mrs. Molloy is the kind of women that I have always wanted, I dream about marrying her. Mrs. Irene Molloy, is another character who is searching for some kind of adventure in her life. Mrs. Molloy, like Mr. Vandergelder, is looking to get married. She says she wants to marry a husband who will have good fights with her. Mrs. Molloy despite having strange views on marriage is a very nice lady who was willing to help Barnaby and Cornelius when they were in

Economic Analysis of Germany

Economic Analysis of Germany Major macro-economic indicators 2010 2011 2012 2013(f) GDP Growth (%) 3.6% 2.7% 3.1% 0.9% Inflation (Yearly average) (%) 1.1% 2.2% 1.99% 1.3% Budget balance (% of GDP) 4.2% 0.8% 0.2% 0.4% Current account balance (% of GDP) 6.11% 5.63% 5.65% 5.69% Public debt (% of GDP) 83.4% 81.5% 83% 81% Strengths Germany is characterized by a thriving export industry, strict discipline on fiscal matters and industrial relations and welfare policies which are driven by consensus among all parties. The country is specifically associated with goods of high quality and goods that are high-tech. It also practices a social market economy which is characterized by a combination of free enterprise and competition that concentrates on high level of social services.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Economic Analysis of Germany specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Germany’s economy is ranked third largest in the world in t erms of market exchange rates and fifth largest one in terms of purchasing power parity. There is social understanding and cohesion among employers and employees, and the workers union representatives negotiate with executives of corporate companies in boardrooms. This system is referred to as co-determination. Germany is also credited with having the largest coal deposits among the European Union countries, estimated at 7.4 billion short tons. This state has also put in place a highly developed transport and communications network which helps in transportation of goods and services (Merikas Merika, 446). Weaknesses Germany as a country does not have a lot of natural resources and therefore relies on importing them from other countries to fuel its manufacturing industry. A large percentage of the country’s population is ageing and this has put a lot of pressure on the country’s high welfare and spending on universal health provision. Unfavorable geological conditions make the mining of hard coal economically unviable. The country’s economy is over regulated in an attempt to protect the locals from international competition and the government has been accused of strong resistance to change (Merikas MErika, 447). Risk assessment The country is categorized as a CRT-1 country which has very low risk levels in all the three risk categories i.e. political risks, economic risks and financial system risks. In 2009, the country’s economy went under recession and recorded a sharp decrease of 5% in real GDP. After the recession, the country was able to recover but has been on a downward trend and growth has slowed down to 0.6% in the year 2012. This is caused by weak global demand for exports and the risks and uncertainties brought about by the Euro zone debt crisis (Ewing, par 10). Efforts to stem high unemployment and low average economic growth During the period beginning1998 to 2005, the government of Germany, under the leadership of Cha ncellor Gerhard Schroeder, came up with various reforms to try and control the increasing unemployment in the country and to put some energy into economic growth recovery. These reforms led to strong growth in the economy which was recorded in the years 2006 and 2007 and the falling unemployment rate during the same years.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In 2008 and 2009, the government of Germany under the leadership of the then Chancellor, Angela Merkel came up with a stimulation programs and stabilization strategies to further rescue the failing economy. These efforts resulted in an increase of budget deficit in 2010 to a level of 3.3%. To control the budget deficit, the government introduced high tax revenues and reduced the overall expenditure. This lowered the deficit to 1.7% in 2011. This rate was below the 3% limit established by the European Community . In an attempt to limit the budget deficit, the government passed an amendment to the constitution in 2009 which was aimed at ensuring that the deficit would not go beyond 0.35% of GDP by the year 2016 (Ewing, par 7). Ewing, Jack. â€Å"In Germany, a Limp Domestic Economy Stifled by Regulation.† The New York Times. 22 Feb. 2012. Web. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/23/business/global/in-germany-a-limp-domestic-economy-stifled-by-regulation.html Merikas, Andreas and Anna Merika. â€Å"Stock Prices Response to Real Economic Variables: The case of Germany. Managerial Finance, 32.5 (2006): 446-450. Print.

In the file Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

In the file - Essay Example The problem facing this training sometimes is that a person joining that training may only be interested in earning more salaries that are being provided at that level. High salaries in many occasions indicate a greater value of employer, but empirically it is not well known whether it is true or not. Apart from the growth in business schools, there has been an increase on emphasis of personal development, mentoring, and executive training. Another significant development is increasing focus on development and training of entrepreneurs. New form of learning such as E-learning has increased since they are cheap and flexible. Due to globalization and flexible trade rules across the world, global leadership has become more evident currently. Right now it is not effective being a manager in one country, a good manager in the current world should be able to carry out management in different countries and cultures. A balance between theory and practice is one of the issues in training and development. Another issue is where management and development is based, whether it is a western business model provided by western institutions or eastern business models. The MBA courses taught in Asia by western teachers from western states may boost western business models that are not suitable to the locals because the teaching methods will require the students to adopt learning styles that are not in line with their culture. The information contained in this article can be applied in business organization and when doing global business. Businesses will learn that having people who have extensive training in business courses such as MBA are important in the management of the organization. The article also explains important issues about management training and development. One of the important issues is a broad issue of executive learning and development, this include formal and

The Election of 1828 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Election of 1828 - Research Paper Example The longest elections in american history have opened a new era of democracy and have brightened the way for future changes that will build constant vision of modern society. By 1828 the United States was by no means a nascent democracy by all standards with elections being hallmarks of a growing democracy. However, some elections were deemed as significant as they were controversial that they changed the election culture and served as a blueprint from which future political developments sprouted from. By the end of 1828, Americans had voted into office a man who was widely regarded as a champion of the common people1. The 11th elections proved to be a turning point in American history as, in as much as it was mired in smear underhand tactics and open character assassination, it heralded a return of party politics as it managed to whip the masses into two major party lines and the consequent party conflicts and bitterness would resonate for years. Andrew Jackson’s loss in the 1824 elections which were regarded as a ‘corrupt bargain’,2 and his ride to victory four years later through the support of the poor or working class clearly formed a template many future elections that were to follow where political power closely resembled the growing population of the United States. It was now possible for a person of humble descent like Andrew Jackson to ascend to the highest pinnacle of political power unlike where it was a reserve of a small clique of aristocrats. Andrew Jackson won in the election of 1824, but faced a loss to John Adams when the election was deferred to the House of Representatives3. He (Andrew Jackson) and his loyalist were outraged when the House of Representatives because of the influence Henry Clay, an unsuccessful presidential candidate and speaker of the house, awarded the presidency to John Quincy Adams. One may wonder if the process was free and fair and totally unbiased as a few days later, the president-elect John Quincy Adams named Henry Clay his secretary of state4. At the time, this was a position that had been a launch-pad for future presidents. The American people who had clearly demonstrated their preferred candidates felt betrayed by the very system that unified them as a people. One is compelled to raise various questions on the turn of events since Andrew Jackson won a plurality of electoral votes in the election which meant that he was the ultimate choice of the Americans. Andrew Jackson was devastated by the turn of events and one would understand his reaction at the time and devoted himself for the next four years to winning the presidency in the 1828 election: the next election. The modern Democratic Party was formed through the efforts of Andrew Jackson’s loyalist, Martin Van Buren. This political machine was one of the many strategies they used. Van Buren worked extra hard to gain popularity in the East as Andrew Jackson was already popular in the west. Nominations for the 182 8 elections changed and legislatures were tasked with the job of making the nominations. John Quincy Adams was re-nominated by the National Republicans while the Democrats nominated Andrew Jackson. The nomination presented a rematch between two great rivals of the time, Andrew Jackson and President John Adams. The campaign was one of the nastiest in American history. The elections of 1828 proved to be unique from all the previous elections in American history in various ways. The campaign was marked by considerable cased of mudslinging. This vice was uncommon during previous elections

Marketing Ethics and Regulations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Ethics and Regulations - Essay Example This is besides considering the emergent ones like that of recently AMA’s ethic meant to seek clients’ consent of whether they wish to be receiving promotional emails. Since, they want to settle to the right choice instead of seeming to bombard them with unnecessary and disgusting emails. In addition, this step also ensures marketers uphold the privacy of their respective client with dignity such that unintended persons do not intrude into clients’ privacy. Officers despite holding outside representative posts, they provide guidance in terms of both compliance as well as resolution of varied cases relayed to them. They are charged with the task of imparting staff with the necessary information meant to induce their compliance, which is only through training. Hence, uphold any given firm’s ethics and values, which are essential in delivering services adequately to the intended clients or building of healthy interactions in their working settings. Additionally, they aid in arbitrating conflicts among staff though by employing necessary principles that guide them in how to handle varied cases that involve even top managers. However, execution and compliance to ethics embrace fundamental blocks of the necessary ethics programs. This is in such a way the involved training officer advises the staff to embrace ethics in all their capacities for they are essential in not only ensuring smooth firm’s running but also healthy interactions. Hence, augment the firm’s productivity, which is not the case without adequate observance of theics. One of these issues encompasses staff seeking client’s consent regarding whether they wish to be receiving promotional alerts in their respective emails. Since, mails constitute personal accounts whereby firms in their quest as they undertake varied tasks intended to inform the clients these emails may end up intruded by unintended

Charles Dickens Essay Example for Free

Charles Dickens Essay One lesson we witness in A Kestrel for a Knave also aims to teach the pupils about facts. However this lesson is taught by Farthing who is caring and a more fatherly teacher and this is communicated by his name. Mr Farthing has used his kind personality to gain some respect from the boys in the class. Although the lesson has the same content as the lesson in Hard Times during the lesson it becomes obvious that Farthings teaching is different. He manages to involve Billy, who is normally quite shy and lacking motivation, positively in the lesson. Farthing teaches in a more relaxed way and lets the lesson flow as well as welcoming input from the boys. He encourages Billy to participate and makes him feel special as he has something interesting to share. Farthing lets Billys thought tumble out and does not cut him short. Billy tells all about his bird, which he has raised and trained, and Farthing seems genuinely interested Jesses, how do you spell that? He writes words on the board, allowing the whole class to learn about Billys unusual talent. Billy becomes the teacher for a while and as Farthing is not controlling like Gradgrind he allows this to happen. The lesson becomes full of individuality as Billy shares his unusual hobby and his confidence grows. This would never have happened in a lesson taught by Gradgrind, he would never encourage a pupil to take over his position and would think a pastime like Billys ridiculous. The way in which Farthing nurtures Billys thoughts reflect the way in which Billy has nurtured Kes. The time and devotion that Billy has shown the bird is matched, although on a smaller level, by the way Farthing waits for Billy to talk and persist to question him gently as if he knows Billy has a lot to share. Another contrast between the two schools is the way in which Billy and his classmates behaviour changes depending on the teacher, whereas Gradgrinds pupils are always the same. The different methods of teaching present at Billys school become obvious when the PE teacher Sugden is introduced. Sugden is a bully and again Hines has highlighted the teachers personality with his name, as Sugden is a thug. Billy dislikes PE and does not have a PE kit, as his family cannot afford to buy him one. He arrives late to the lesson as he has been talking to Farthing. Instead of discreetly giving him a kit to wear Sugden mocks Billy in front of the other boys. The way in which Billy is treated provokes him to answer back and be cheeky. Sugdens verbal bullying brings out the negative aspects of Billys personality. Not only does Sugden verbally bully his pupils but as a big man he does not hesitate to physically abuse them too. He hit Billy twice with the ball, holding it between both hands as though he was murdering him with a boulder. The whole lesson is a bullying game for Sugden. There is an absence of skills taught and so the lesson consists of a game of football in which Sugden is the captain of one of the teams as well as being the referee. He bullies the opposing team as well as his own teammates if they make mistakes. His attitude is immature and shows no sportsmanship or fairness, two lessons which should always be reinforced in PE lessons. His negative attitude has a clear affect on the boys, who leave the lesson cold and uninspired. The education system presented by Charles Dickens is extreme and unnecessarily harsh. However the title Hard Times makes it seem like Dickens is writing honestly about a time which lead to harsh methods of education. He highlights the naivety of the people as now teaching methods have improved and young people are encouraged to be themselves and achieve the best that they can. Satire is used by Dickens to emphasize the mistakes of the system. Charles Dickens could of attended a school like the one in Hard Times and so I think he aims to make the problems obvious to people who otherwise might not notice the wrongs in society. Barry Hines also writes the truth about the education system in his era and I think he also aims to highlight the incorrectness of the organization. However Barry Hines writes more realistically as the book is more recent and therefore easier to relate to. Both authors present systems, which now seem very wrong but at the time they were thought of as acceptable. Both books probably contain memories of the authors school days and particularly in A Kestrel for a Knave the scenes seem very believable. I could conclude that neither system would be justifiable now but in their time the schools seemed fair.